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Lots of other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who want to become Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or respected people. Scientology. Though it has obtained some credibility as a religious beliefs in lots of nations, Scientology has likewise been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Level playing field individuals it views as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of scams, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of presence" might be perceived as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and here Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in an internet survey run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 browse this site and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on relabelled the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and committed among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not affiliated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which read here followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive tactics in attending to those it sees as trying to reduce them, understood as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Using blank paper known to have been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb threats in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.